I’d suggest temporary pausing Cloudflare as follows:
Use the “Pause Cloudflare on Site” option from the Overview tab for your domain at dash.cloudflare.com .
The link is in the lower right corner of that page.
Give it five minutes to take effect, then make sure site is working as expected with HTTPS without any error
Nevertheless, looking into the source code, quite strange image src is wrapped inside span HTML tag instead of img tag which should be used by default and W3C standard.
Since this is a Blogger, I wonder what’s wrong with it then. Haven’t seen this behaviour before.
Are you using some kind of an option for lazy-loading which would wrap image in such way?