Following @asemiglazov 's advice in this thread, I added a Cache Rule to make the images be cached longer on the CDN, but it seems this does not have any effect whatsoever in changing the cache-control.
I’m running into the exact same problem; we would like Cloudflare Images to have a long cache-duration, this is currently the only check keeping us from a perfect score in Google Lighthouse.
It would make sense if the cache-duration would be a setting within Cloudflare Images, but a rule (cache rule or header modification rule) would work too.